1.0 HISTORICAL WATER SUPPLY
1.3 MY
PROCEEDING ABOUT HISTORICAL WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS
In
this chapter the proceedings and other works of the WEB OWNER
can be reached. These texts are inside of Turkish 1.3 TARİHİ SU
YAPILARI. First download Turkish 1.3.
TARİHİ SU YAPILARI, then follow mentioned pages below.
1.3.8- The Project of Konya Plains
Report was prepared for the Director of Konya
of State Hydraulic Works (DSI)
Pages 168-172
1.3.11-Historical Irrigations in the Plain of
Ereğli of Konya 1996-3
(16th Congress of ICID, Cairo
-Egypt. 1996) (with Öztuğ Bildirici). (History seminar
1 G)
Pages 179-194
1.3 15-Historical Irrigation in the Plain of
Bayburt (with Ö.Bildirici) 1999
(17th international congress of
ICID, Grenada-Spain, 1999)
History seminar 1J Pages 71-86 (R8)
Pages 255-272
1.3.16 -"Historical irrigation systems in the region
of Konya through ages (with Ö.Bildirici) 1999
(17th international congress of
ICID, Grenada-Spain, 1999) 
History seminar 1J s. 87-106 (R9)
Pages 274 - 295
1.3.19-Modern Irrigation system of Konya Plain-
Konya Ovası Sulaması 2000
(English & Turkish) Çatalhöyük'ten bugüne
Çumra,
Konya-Çumra 15-16 September 2000.
p.161-168
Pages 322 - 334
1.3.20-Historical dams of Anatolia 2001
11th International conference on water in
antiquity, 7-12 May 2001, Israel
Cura Aquarvm in Israel, (The proceedings, p.
137-144)
Siesburg 2002, Germany
p.137-143
Pages 340 - 350
1.3.21-The Water Supply systems of ancient Galata
18th International congress of ICID, Montreal,
Canada
Pages 350 - 363
1.3.24- The Cistern and the aqueduct of Ceramos in
ancient Caria, 2004
12th Cura Aquarvm in Ephesos, 2-10 October
2004, Kuşadası
Pages 385 - 398
1.3.26- Kilyos water supply system with
Suterazis 2007
13th Cura Aquarvm in Jordan 01-19 April 2007
Pages 404 - 410
1.4
FROM WORLD WATER FORUM 5 (WWF5) IN MARCH 2009 IN ISTANBUL
THESE ARTICLES WERE DİSCUSSED AND PUBLISHED
IN WORLD WATER FORUM 5
MEHMET BİLDİRİCİ
He was born on 24.02.1939 in Konya. He
finished in 1957 Konya Lisesi and in 1962 Technical University
of Istanbul as Civil Engineer (insaat yüksek mühendisi). 30
years he worked in Konya. In the years 1971-1982 he taught in
Konya Academy, (now inside of Seljuk University), and gave
Building Materials, and the Static of Construction. He worked
furthermore from 1984-1996, in DSI IV. Regional Directorate and
then was retired. In 1996 he moved to Istanbul. In 1997-1998 he
became Consultant (Müsavir) for Yeşilçay Project. In addition,
from 1997 he worked as consultant (bilirkişi) for the courts in
Istanbul. Since 1991 he works about historical water supply
systems. Two books were published by DSI General Directorate in
1994 and 2004. Now he lives in Istanbul.
1.5
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN HITTITE AND URARTU TİMES
Hittites lived in
Central Anatolia in the second millennium BC and they have
constructed dams and water monuments. Urartian people lived in
Eastern Anatolia in first millennium BC and they have
constructed dams, long irrigation canals to improve their
economy. Very very interesting, Urartian hydraulic monuments
survive today and they are being in use too. These monuments are
the fruits of the rich Anatolian civilization and only can be
seen here in Turkey.
Anatolia, (Turkish Anadolu) now Turkey
was the cradle of several civilizations. I believe this is the
richness of our country. These monuments must be examined, must
be under protection and carried to the future to younger
generations. How will be organized? Which plans must be done? I
believe that if we love and examine the subjects and share them
with International communities, our cultural heritage and the
whole World civilization will be winner.
(5th World
Water Forum 5)
(Topic 6.5 Water and Culture p.46-47)
1.6
A TALE OF WATER
February 2009
(This book was published as the activity of WWF5)
A VERY INTERESTİNG INTERVİEV WİTH MEHMET BİLDİRİCİ
Page 58/282
FOR THE GREEKS
WATER MEANT DEVELOPMENT
In the Greek cities of both
Greece and Anatolia, great importance was assigned to bringing
water into the city, and fresh spring water was considered as
important as the level of citys development
One of the most important contributions
of the Greeks in Anatolia to the word was undoubtedly that they
transmitted the scientific knowledge symbolized by Thales to
many other civilizations. MEHMET BİLDİRİCİ is an engineer who
also served as a lecturer on the Engineering Faculty at Selçuk
University in Konya. He has researched historical waterworks in
Anatolia, and of Thales, who could be considering his colleague,
he had the following to say:
Bildirici: Thales who lived in Miletos
(Milet) during the years 624-548 BC, was a person at the cutting
edge of this civilization. We have little information about
Thales life; we only know that he was one of the seven sages of
the first period.
Thales was the first here to adopt a
revolutionary view. He held that natural events were not godly;
that events should be examined with the human mind. This thought
was a completely novel approach. Western culture and
understanding are considered to have begun with Thales. At the
same time, Thales was a philosopher, a mathematician, an
engineer and a hydrologist. Thales considered water one of the
main components of nature, and introduced the view that land in
the World floated on the sea.
Thales
believed that water was the main substance of the Word. The
Hellenic culture in which he grew up assigned great importance
to the water. To the Greeks, water was a sign of development.
Bildirici; In the Greek cities of both
Greece and Anatolia, great importance was assigned to bringing
water into the city; and fresh spring was considered as
important as the level of citys development. The stream that
was brought to the cities was used at the street fountains, in
the major buildings of the city and in the baths. It is known
that most houses included a bath, and there were cisterns under
the houses of the wealthy, were the rain water was stored.
During this period, there was no plumbing in houses; water was
brought to he houses from the street fountains. Many houses
relied on well water.
As they
planned their cities, they also considered the distribution and
usage of the water, to which they payed so much attention.
Bildirici: Many cities in Anatolia and
Greece had been built in accordance with the plans of city
planner Hippodamus from Miletos. In those plans, in which the
streets were laid out on a grid, the locations of the temples,
the citys water systems, waste water removal and protection
were pre-planned.
They
employed a variety of techniques to carry the water over hilly
areas and distribute the water in the city. Among these were the
siphon system and the lead pipes that are believed to have been
first used by Greek civilization.
Bildirici: Most of the cities founded
in the Hellenistic period are still underground, awaiting
excavation and research. Some of them were destroyed as they
were built over during the Roman period. There has been woefully
insufficient research and examination of this subject. Thus I
only mention a few known examples about how they brought to
water to their cities.
We know that they generally used fired
ceramic pipe and covered canals to transport water to their
cities. They dug tunnels in the waterways. Cisterns inside and
outside the city were built to store the water brought in this
way as well as rain water.
Excavations have shown that around
2200 BC, the siphon technique was being used to bring water to
the Palace of Knossos on the island of Crete. They had noticed
that when water pumped from one end of the siphon, water flowed
into the other end. The siphon used at Knossos was just a few
meters deep. However in later period in the Kingdom of Pergamon
in particular, thick walled earthen pipes, lead pipes of much
larger proportions were used. The inner diameters of the earthen
pipes used to bring to the cities were generally 10 centimeters
in diameters, and the pipes were 1-2 centimeters thick. Those
used in Pergamon however were 5-7 centimeters thick, as they
working under pressure. The waterway was about 20 kilometers
long and the valley was about 25 meters deep at the source of
pressure. The pipes worked under of 25 meters of water pressure.
The pipes were connected with stone blocks 50 centimeters wide.
Believed to have been built around 200 BC, the system was first
known siphon pressure structure in Anatolia and in the World.
The stone pipe siphon structure has
also been seen (Antioch Meander) in Kuyucak, Aydın Province.
According to Weber and Fahlbusch who researched the region,
these pipes were laid in the Hellenistic period.
On the grounds of Artemis temple,
built in the city of Ephesus in the Ionian period and considered
one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, lead pipes were
found. This was the first in the history of hydraulics. It is
very important example illustrating the level of hydraulics
knowledge during the Ionian period. One of these pipes is in on
display at the Ephesus Museum.
During the Hellenistic period lead
pipe siphon was built on the waterway from Madradağ at the
entrance of Acropolis of Pergamon. The length of the valley
through which the lead pipe runs is 3250 meters; its deepest
point is 160 meters. It is believed that the inner diameter of
the lead pipe was 17.5 centimeters, and the pipe wall thickness
was 5.5 centimeters. The pipes were connected to each other
with stone rings. It is known that this facility was a major
project, with no project of similar proportions until the 19th
century. This immense project was carried out during the reign
of King Eumenes II.
Water was brought to the capital of
Amasya (Amasia) Tower of Pontus Kingdom, via two separate
canals. Another structure in this city; which was built during
the Hellenistic period, was the Crimbolu Well. It is a well
140 meters long, 70 meters deep and 5 meters across, which can
be entered via staircase. This well also has an air vent.
The Greeks also built a system for
removing waste water from the city.
Bildirici: We known that there have
been projects to solve the problem of waste water in the antique
world since Sumerians. Nippur a Sumerian city and cultural
center, had a waste water system. This was mentioned in the book
The Life Story of Lundingirra, the Sumerian by Sumerologue
Muazzez İlmiye Çığ. About 4000 years ago, in the city of Nippur
lived a teacher named Lundungirra. Information about his city,
his family, and himself were recorded on clay tablets in the
Sumerian language, titled Lundingirras Life Story. The tablet
15 contains the following information about waste water system:
There is a lavatory in the houses under the ladder going up,
the bottom of which is covered with bricks, with a large hole in
the middle. The waste water is taken to other places via clay
pipe, and rendered harmless by certain techniques.
The Greek cities also had waste water
systems. The city of Priene is the only antique city displaying
Hellenistic features that had survived undestroyed. The city was
laid under the citys streets. Although we know that these waste
water canals were built in the Hellenistic period, we dont yet
enough information about how this waste water was treated.
There are also waste water canals in
the city of Ephesus. However the findings are insufficient to
tell us whether these belong to the Hellenistic or Roman period.
Although
the Greeks founded many mall city states, they all spoke the
same language and shared the same mythology and the beliefs as
well as scientific and technological development. They developed
this culture by sharing it with other civilizations with which
they had relations, and passed the synthesis on the next
generations.
Bildirici: The Greeks entered Anatolia
under the pressure of the Akaas who were also Greek. There the
Ionians, the Aeolians and Dorians established and developed city
states. Although the city states were independent in their
internal affairs, they were united in their language, religion
and mythology. They also worshipped at the same temples. The
celebrations at the famous temple of Apollo at Didyma are a very
good example of these.
The immigrants that colonized Anatolia
absorbed the culture and knowledge gained from the civilizations
with which they traded in Anatolia and its surroundings, and out
of this, they formed a new and very important synthesis. These
developments formed the basis of future civilizations.
The Persian Empire, which conquered
and ruled Anatolia from the year 546 BC, on, was not
expansionist in terms of culture and religion. They allowed
religious and cultural freedom for their subjects on the
condition that they obeyed the rules they lay down.
In the year 334 BC., with the campaign
of Alexander the Great, the whole of Anatolia came under the
Hellenic rule and civilizations. When the Romans came to
Anatolia in 33 BC., Hellenistic kingdoms disappeared one by one
and in 30 BC., with the death of the last Egyptian Queen
Cleopatra, the Hellenic period came to an end politically.
However the civilization and the culture that developed in
Hellenistic period continued in the Roman period.
1.7 THE
OTTOMAN WATERWAYS Pages 151-155
A
TALE OF WATER
GALATAS WATER
Istanbul was growing by the day. Galata,
Sykai (Fig Grove) before the conquest. It was an independent
city state under the rule of Genoese from 1303-1453. In time it
became a quarter of Istanbul. Muslim Turks, Greeks, Armenians
and the Levantines lived together in this area for centuries,
and it served as one of the first doors that opened to the
western word.
Galata received abundant water upon the
construction of the Taksim Waterway by Mahmud I in 1732.
The Galatasaray water way, transporting
water from Levent Farm to Taksim and Galatasaray, is believed to
have been built during the reign of Sultan Beyazıt II (or before
by Romans). After the Republic it continued to supply water to
Emirgan Fountains and the Technical University of Istanbul (ITU)
and was given the name of Kanlı Kavak Waters by ISKI (the
Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration. (247)
247 Mehmet Bildirici, Galatada Eski Su
Yolları, Istanbul Bülteni, Publication of the Istanbul Branch
of the Chamber of Civil Engineers, The Union of Chambers of
Turkish Engineers and Architects, 2002/62, Year 13
2.0
HISTORY OF
GÖKOVA-AKYAKA
2.1 FROM IDYMA to
GÖKOVA-AKYAKA
The history of the
place and its environment
Akyaka is situated
in the northwest of the Gökova (Kerme) gulf, 28 km away from
Muğla and 32 km from Marmaris. The administration of Akyaka is
in Ula, the main place of the district. In its north the
mountains raise up to 1000 m high, covered with forest, and its
eastern side, there is beautiful valley with a plane, whose
sources of fresh water feed the river "Kadın Azmak" (Woman
River) and the Akçapınar river. In former times Akyaka was only
a "suburb" of the village Gökova village. A few houses which
were around today's port (Yeni İskele), which formed the access
to the sea for the city of Muğla. Only in the year 1971, the
autonomy was given and in 1992, with the appointment as a
"belde" the first mayor and the town council were elected. About
1970 it was started the development into a regional tourist
center.
In the year 1988
the region was declared as the first "Nature Protected Area"
(SPA- special protected area) of Turkey.
Akyaka is with its
forest-covered mountains, the crystals-clear rivers, which look
just like an aquarium, the sea, the Forest-camp site, with its
innumerable springs, its history and its additional wood-using
buildings, a much-visited "tourist paradise". In short, Akyaka
is a place to live.
The HISTORY
It is known that
the area is inhabited for about 2600 years. Earlier settlements
are not proven.
The Carian City of
IDYMA
In the area, in
which today's Akyaka is situated, the city of Idyma was founded.
The settlement of Idyma extended east of today's Akyaka up to
the village of Gökova (3 km) and the quarters of the İnişdibi
and Yazılıtaş up to the ancient port which was nearby the forest
camp site.
The Necropolis
(rock graves) and the Acropolis are on the mountain-slopes in
the north of Gökova. The Acropolis was explored in the year 1937
by the French researcher Louis Robert. Idyma was founded as a
Carian city. The name originates from the Carian language. The
area, where today's Muğla is situated, is known as the antiquate
Caria. The most important city of Caria was Milas. Idyma was
situated in the southern Caria. The Carians were the earliest
settlers in the area. Whereas the customs and the way of life
are known, the language of the Carians, since no documents are
found, remained unknown.
In 546 BC, the
Persian army conquered the area under the command of Harpagos.
Under the Persian rule the customs and the religion remained
unchanged. Between 484 and 405 BC, the Delian Sea-federation
(Delian League) under the leadership of Athens took over the
administration. Idyma was affected too. In the tax lists of the
years 453-452 BC, of the Delian Sea-federation Idyma is already
mentioned. This is the earliest document concerning the city of
Idyma. Additionally in these reports a leader is mentioned named
PAKTYES, It is considered that the city was governed for a long
time by the dynast of Pakytes. The City produced coins. One side
was marked with
IDIMION
(IDIMION), the other side has the head of PAN. It is well known
that the cult of the shepherds, the God PAN was of great
importance in the region.
The Delian Sea
federation ended in 405 BC. Idyma separated already around 440
BC, from this federation. The Spartian general Lysandros
destroyed the city Cedrea (Sedir Adası) in 405 BC.
At the ridge of
Gökova and the eastern side of İnişdibi rock tombs date from
this time, dated 4th century BC. One of the tombs has
two columns. Architectural style and the mason works are
remarkable. It could be made for a member of the house of
Paktyes.
Near Gökova,
approximately 300 m above the rock tombs, the Acropolis is
situated. Nearby there are a 200 m long site walls of
Hellenistic time as well as the buildings, and the remnants of
cisterns. On the northwestern side of the Acropolis, the road
from Marmaris extends to Muğla.
İnişdibi and the
mediaeval fortress that was situated in the proximity is a very
old settlement area. The old rock tombs show this. It is
certainly the fact that the fortress existed from antique times
to mediaeval and Byzantine times and then at unknown times it
was left. The Byzantine fortress, also mentioned as Genoose
fortress (Ceneviz kalesi), would be worth to be restored. From
the fortress an underground tunnel leads to the bank of Kadın
Azmak.
The neighbors of
the Idyma were in the east Callipolis (in the proximity of
Kızılyaka), whose name remains still as Gelibolu at the gulf of
Gökova. Also Cedrea (Sedir Adası) in the gulf of Gökova was an
important naval base. In the west CERAMOS (Gereme- Ören), after
it the gulf is named. In the north Thera (Yerkesik) is
appropriate, KILLANDOS (Yenice village) and Muğla, at its time a
very small settlement.
Idyma under the
rule of Halikarnassos (Bodrum)
Between 387-334
BC, The Persians took again the rule in the area. King MAUSOLOS
(377-353 BC) maintained good contacts with the Persians and
governed the region like a free king. He changed the capital
from Milas to Halikarnassos (Bodrum). Idyma was situated in the
east of this kingdom. This epoch ended when Alexander the Great
(356-323 BC) of Macedonia with his army penetrated into the
area. There were fortresses in Thera (Yerkesik) and Callipolis
(Kızılyaka) at that time.
Idyma in
Hellenistic Times
With Alexander the
Great, the Hellenistic times began in Anatolia and the eastern
countries. Greek culture and the language spread very rabidly.
The area had a difficult time from 334 BC up to 189 BC, when the
peace agreement of Apama (Afyon, Dinar) was reached. Different
Hellenic kingdoms governed and confused the region at the same
time.
Idyma under the
rule of Rhodes
In the third
century BC, Idyma came under Rhodeian rule and was called
Rhodeian Paraea (the opposite side of Rhodes). Idyma freed
itself for some time from this rule, however in 200 BC, it was
again connected to Rhodes by Nicagoras with Pisi (Pisiköy
village), and Killandos (Yenice village), this knowledge comes
from an inscription on the island Karpatos (Greece). With the
peace agreement of Apama 189 BC, the city of Idyma was connected
finally to Rhodes and remained so until the firts century AD.
From these times
approximately 10 inscriptions point out that the social life in
Idyma is very alive and a "Council" (the Council of the United
Idyma) was founded. On these inscriptions we find interesting
facts. Inscriptions from the Old Port (the Forest Camp Site) and
one attached on a wall in İnişdibi from the later Hellenistic
times contain the name of the city. This monument was made for a
leading person of the city on the part of the citizens working
for him. Besides other different names, which belong to the
people from different cities, one reads the name of grammatikos
(village officer) DEMETRIUS from Idyma, and Apollonius the son
of Antipatrus from Idyma.
In stone parts
taken in Forest Camp Site in Akyaka (dated 2. Century BC) we
hear of the goddess LETO and the priest of APHRODITE. It is
assumed that there was a temple in Old İskele, and in the
environment of today's Forest Office. The whole environment
showing distributed columns with grooves and processed stone
remainders affirm this opinion. Additionally in the Old İskele,
in front of the Restaurant, in the sea there are remnants of the
foundation walls referring how old the landing place is. There
were found inscriptions that include names of the office holders
who served in this area in the Rhodian times. An inscription
used for the building of new mosque in Yeni İskele carries the
names Athenagoras, Thangilio Kirnis, and Pratophon again in
Kozlukuyu's inscription were found mentioning Rodokles from
Rhodes.
The Roman Idyma
At the end of
first century AD, Idyma became a Roman city. Before the year 48
BC, Julius CAESAR (102-44 BC) traveled the area around 48 BC to
Rhodes. The Egyptian queen CLEOPATRA (69-30 BC) traveled the
Aegean coasts and visited the city of Ephesus in the year 41 BC.
Only one inscription dedicated for Roman Emperor VESPASIAN
(ruled 69-79 AD) in Roman era is missing unfortunately.
Mosaic, was
discovered from the Roman time in the excavating in the year
1922, in the ruins of the fortress in İnişdibi.
In the third
century AD, when Roman Empire was weak inside and destroyed by
strong earthquakes as well as devastating plague, the area fell
into oblivion. Idyma and the cities in the environment were
left.
Life in Byzantine
times
It is not exactly
how the area was called in the Byzantine times. On a hill at the
south side of today's Camping ground a church with apse was
found, built in the name of Saint Kosmas. The adjacent area and
the gulf were called after him. From this church stones with
crosses, relief and inscription are still to be seen.
Additionally two remainders of chapels are at the spring of
water systems, and at the creek (Papaz Deresi) that flows into
the sea. This place is called "ERENDEDE". At Akyaka the people
respected the special feature of Erendede. Rain-prayers were
celebrated and wishes were done there. The people cooked Aşure
(a soup-like sweet food) and divided it with the present ones.
Gökova under
Turkish Administration
At the end of 13th
century, the area came under Turkish administration. Caria
became Menteşe (the name of the region during the Turkish
times). In these times one called the region in which Akyaka is
situated, COVA (Cova Çukuru, Gökova, Gökabad). At first
pantheism, after Christianity, with the Turks Islamic faith came
into the area. At first Carian language, later Greek, with the
Turks, Turkish language became prevailing and exclusive. In the
area at first Menteşe Principality (Menteşe Beyliği) was found.
The capital of this principality was Milas. In the year 1420, it
became part of Ottoman Empire. Muğla became capital of the
province and Ula as sub-province center.
The highlight in
the Ottoman times was the crossing of Sultan Süleyman the
Magnificent (reg.1520-1566) with his army in order to conquer
Rhodes. In July 1522 the Ottoman Army came to the region and
returned back to Istanbul in 1523. Rhodes was defeated and
attached to the Ottoman Empire.
Although the
occupation of Rhodes brought well fare for the region again, it
should take until the recent times around the year 1950, to
partly dry out the wetlands and fight malaria. The road
Muğla-Marmaris was built around the year 1970 and with coming of
tourism to Akyaka, brought new life and economic boom.
Mehmet Bildirici
(This translation
was controlled by Bahar Suseven (Heike)
2.3
THE ENGLISH TEXTS OF IDIMA
In this chapter you can reach original documents of IDYMA
ancient city. These texts in different languages are
inside of 2.3 IDYMA
KAYNAKLAR
First download this Turkish file, then follow mentioned pages
below
2.3.1 CARIAN COAST
George Bean, pages 31-38
2.3.2 HISTORY OF CARIA
George Bean, pages 101-117
2.3.3 IDIMA ROCK CUT TOMBS
Paavo Roos, pages 125 - 139
2.3.4 FROM HISTORY OF HERODOT
Herodotos, pages 140 - 158
10. THE TRIPS OF MEHMET Bildirici
10.107. TRIP TO VAN, MUSH, HARPOUT
By Etem Tezcan
A group of Armenian and their Turkish friends made an
Armenian Reminiscenses oriented trip to Van, Mush and Harpout.
One of them, Mehmet Bildirici documented this journey
and put it in the internet. I believe the document may be significant
for some members of this forum so I translated it into English.
You can find the English translation in:
The original document is at:
www.mehmetbildirici.com/download/van_mus.pdf 18 pages
These documents can also be reached by
www.yasni.com/mehmet.bildirici or
www.armeniangenealogy.org
Download this file
(in English)
14. THE MONUMENTS OF HITITE
The Hitite monuments around Konya, 90 pages
Download this file
20.0 HISTORICAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
OF ANATOLIAN ANCIENT CITIES
In this chapter the texts of ancient
water supply systems are presented with their Authors and
publishing places. He or she are interested in water culture
heritage will reach very easy for their future investigating.
20.1 GENERAL
In this chapter general subjects of Water Culture Heritage can
be reached.
20.1.101 HISTORICAL WATER SCHEMES IN TURKEY
Ünal Öziş, 40 pages
Download this file
20.1.102 SU TERAZİS
Collected Documents, Photos, 24 pages
Download this file
20.1.103 MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY IN ANTIQUITY & MAINTENANCE
PROBLEMS IN ANCIENT AQUADUCTS
Henning Fahlbusch, 24 pages (TWO ESSAYS)
Download this file
20.1.104 WATER MANAGEMENT FOR IRRIGATION IN ANTIQUITY
(URARTU 850-600 BC)
Gunter Garbrecht, 16 pages
Download this file
20.1.105 VITRUVIUS AND FRONTINUS- HYDRAULIC IN ROMAN PERIOD
Henning Fahlbusch, 12 pages
Download this file
20.1.106 PRESSURE CONDUITS IN ANCIENT AQUEDUCTS
Henning Fahlbusch, 26 pages
Download this file
20.1.107 TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS IN HYDRAULIC ENGİNEERING
IN THE LAST 5000 YEARS
Henning Fahlbusch, 18 pages
Download this file
20.1.108 URARTIAN IRRIGATION WORKS
Charles Burney, 8 pages
Download this file
20.1.109 WATER IN ANTIQUITY
L.W. MAYS & D.KOUTSOYIANNIS
Internet 12 pages
Download this
file
20.1.110 HEZEKIAH TUNNELS
www.bibleplaces.com
Internet 4 pages
Download this
file
20.1.111 DEĞİRMENDERE AQUEDUCT TO EPHESOS
Gilbert Wiplinger 14 pages
Download this
file
20.1.112 ÇİN SINJIANG (UYGUR) BÖLGESİ KARIZLARI
8 pages
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20.2 ANCIENT CITIES IN ANATOLIA (TURKEY)
In this chapter the texts about ancient Anatolian cities can be
reached
20.2.101 ANTIOCH, THE AQUEDUCT, NYMPHAEUM, BATH HOUSE
Jean Burdy, Maurice Byrne, Jean Öztürk, Mehmet Taşlıalan, 28
pages
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20.2.102 THE CREMNA AQUEDUCT AND WATER SUPPLY
Eddie J. Owens, 20 pages
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20.2.103 EDESSA, THE BLESSED CITY
J.B.Segal, 8 pages (some pages of the book)
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20.2.104 THE EUPALINUS TUNNEL OF SAMOS
Michael Lahanas, 6 pages
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20.2.105 İZMİR (SMYRNA) WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 1971
CAMP, HARRIS, MASARA, 2 pages
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20.2.106 THE HITTITE DAM OF KARAKUYU
Kutlu Emre, 36 pages
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20.2.107 OIONANDA, THE WATER SUPPLY AND AQUEDUCT
e.c. Stetnton, J.J. Coulton, 52 pages
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20.2.108 PRIENES STREETS AND WATER SUPPLY
Dora P. Crouch, 8 pages
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20.2.109 THE AQUEDUCT OF SAGALASSOS
Edwin J. Owens, 24 pages
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20.2.110 THE AQUEDUCT OF ROMAN ILION AND THE BRIDGE
ACROSS THE KEMERDERE VALLEY IN TROAD
William Aylward, Gebhard Bieg, Rüstem Aslan, 32 pages
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20.2.111 ANEMURION AND WATER SUPPLY
Gerhard Huber & photos by Bildirici, 14 pages
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20.2.112 THE STAIR STEP STRUCTURE AT ANDRIAKE
Dennis Murphy, Melisa Mengel, 6 pages
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20.2.113 THE AQUEDUCT OF EPHESOS
Gilbert Wiplinger, 6 pages
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20.2.114 THE AQUEDUCT AT ASPENDOS AND ITS INVERTED SIPHON
Paul Kessener, 28 pages
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20.2.115
THE WATER CASCADE AT ANDRIAKE (ANTALYA)
Dennis Murphy Melisa Mengel
Cura Aquarum in Israel (Siegburg 2002 12 pages
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20.2.116 THE CISTERN AND RESERVOIRS OF RHODIAPOLIS
(ANTALYA)
Dennis Murphy
Cura Aquarum in Ephesus (Paris 2006)
Mehmet Bildirici
Tel: ++90-542-2410302
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